Cochlear Implants - The Future of Clinical Remediation of Hearing Loss Essay

Cochlear Implants - The Future of clinical Remediation of Hearing Loss - Essay ExampleHearing loss is the inability to hear and tidy sum be caused by genetic factors or illnesses. This condition makes the lives of the people with it a living hell. They are normally discriminated by the society, making it difficult to have their issues and concerns addressed. This has been the case scenario for many an(prenominal) years, and the deaf have a dry land to smile. Technological advancement has brought a possible solution to their woes. Cochlear imp0lant promises to make the deaf listen to others and oppose to them accordingly. This solution will make it possible for the deaf to integrate into the mainstream society. In fact, some experts are positive(p) that the future of clinical remediation for comprehend loss is the cochlear implants.In fact, some experts believe that cochlear implants waiting the future for the hearing loss problem because of advancement in technology and resear ch. There are many researchers in the world who are researching on the different aspects of hearing loss. The hearing loss foundation website has listed more(prenominal) than twenty scientists and researchers working on different hearing loss projects (Hearing Loss Foundation, 1). Their findings will provide a better approach to not only managing hearing loss but also curing and treating the problem. several(prenominal) believe that research on cochlear will provide information on how to cure hearing loss problems that are not cochlear dependent, for instance, genetic hearing loss (Wilson and Dorman, 15).

VALUE CHAIN MANAGEMENT EXAM PAPER - 4 OUT OF 8 MINI CASE QUESTIONS Essay

VALUE CHAIN MANAGEMENT interrogation PAPER - 4 OUT OF 8 MINI CASE QUESTIONS - Essay ExampleIn fortune of mergers and accomplishments the primary aspect with regards to valuate set up management involves an integration of two different value imprisonment i.e., one of the acquirer and the other of the acquired company. There needs to be certain changes in the value string that could help in undertaking an overall improvement in the value stove of the musical arrangement (Ray, 2010, p.46). In case of Bramble the primary motive behind the acquisition of CAPS is to condense and utilise the primary and secondary aspects of CAPSs value chain elements to generate an overall improvement in the value chain of Brambles that would enable it to prompt up in the value chain. This strategy of the firm is in tune with the popular theoretical dogma that every presidency has its own sets of key elements that includes internal as well as external factors. In the case of Bramble the company wants to acquire the knowledge and expertise of the primary and secondary elements of the value chain that includes its charitable resources, fixed assets as well as intellectual property that basin help in improve the value proposition of the organization by helping its move up in the value chain (Bertoncelj, 2008, p.3). Figure 1 Value Chain in Mergers and Acquisitions for CGI (Source CGI, 2009, p.2) The figure above shows how to improve the value chain by undertaking a merger and acquisition strategy. The figure above shows how a procurement establish value chain can be used to generate an improvement in the entire value chain of the organization by using the expertise in the primary and secondary activities of the acquired organization. Brambles hope to supplement upon the existing expertise as well as client base of CAPS to generate long boundary profitability for the organization. Brambles hopes that with the acquisition of a company engaged in downstream activities it wo uld be able to undertake a vertical integration of its business process. This would help in opening up business opportunities of the organization considering the vast and immense potential of the downstream activities. The company believes that with the acquisition of CAPS and the good client base of the organization the company would be able to provide better and augmented facilities both in terms of shape as well as quality as the customers would find more facilities under a bingle roof. This would save the customers time as well as monetary resources that would have otherwise being incurred by taking the services of a different vendor for pellets and container services. This would motivate them to choose Brambles over its competitors as it would be offering greater value proposition to the customers. This would help in generating long term sustainable free-enterprise(a) advantage for the organization in the long run. The vertical integration would also help in generating more value in the value chain (Slide 31-35, Planning and performance in Value chain networks). The acquisition of CAPS would also boost the levels of customer service that would help in enhancing the value proposition in accordance with Holdens value proposition theory that states customer service as one of the key areas that can be used by organizations to enhance their value propositions. Brambles

Sustained writting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

bear on writting - Essay ExampleThe author further adds that, despite being wealthy, the gross domestic product does non rhyme with peoples wellbeing. Therefore, accessible psychiatric hospital comes in as demand for the wellbeing programs at the workplace, which has led majority of employers to seek strategies that will aid the wellbeing programs. The denomination further adds that, research on employees wellbeing has previously focused on the quality of job, the balance of work life and employee satisfaction. In addition, those employees who atomic number 18 given more space in the office have low stress rat and higher(prenominal) sense of wellbeing. Indeed, the growing productivity in the place of work in Australia can be related to to employees wellbeing. complaisant Need Employee and Business Well-Being as Organizations Demand According to Lebihan (2011, p.27), numerous research programs of brass and employees wellbeing are being launched this can only mean that emplo yees wellbeing has become a social need that needs to be attended to. Employees wellbeing includes satisfaction, job quality and the balance of work life, plot of land organizations wellbeing includes organization change, strength, and organizations dynamics. Nevertheless, for an organization to succeed there is need for a well-informed and focused workforce that will drive the organization towards a competitive advantage. Importantly, employees quality of life should be improved so as to yield to organization effectiveness and allow employees increase their performance and productivity level. Studies have proved that when employees achieve job satisfaction, the level of absence reduces work related accidents, and the level of property is high, thus productivity increases since employees are committed to work. Boezeman & Ellemers (2009, P.898) define job satisfaction as the attitude one and only(a) has concerning his job this attitude determines the employees output. According to Lebihans article, research is yet to proof that workers with high level of upbeat are more productive thus resulting to a more profitable and functional organization. Social innovation in relation to employee wellbeing In this 21st century, imbalance contri barelyes to the sustainability of business as usual, especially due(p) to scarcity of resources and the increase in costs hence, a change in the expectations of employees and customers is experienced. Therefore, social innovation should be directed towards social needs, for instance, organizations should find new strategies that not only contribute to the well being of employees but to organizations productivity. Lebihans article, states that there is increasing demand of well being programs from employers who emphasize on proof that supports such programs. The result is leaving researchers with a task of proofing how wellbeing workers contribute to high productivity. Social innovation incorporates the developments and impleme ntation of new ideas that will match the social needs. One arising need in this article is the employee and business wellbeing. However, social innovation is associated with the challenge of cost nevertheless, it still contributes to the

Economic Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Economic Geography - Essay ExampleThese include corruption of state officials, lamentable management of resources, and over dependence on foreign aid, ridiculous government policies, wish of proper education, and lack of good infrastructure. These factors, summed up with the global epidemics of global warming and climate change, lead to underdevelopment in a country. rotting among state officials is a common phenomenon in many underdeveloped and poor countries. This was the case in Kenyas Goldenberg Saga in which tax payers m acey was squandered in the name of trading gold and other extraordinary stones. The power that these masterminds possess is derived from their money. These corrupt officials never got any legal punishment. The corrupt officials also fail to position development funds to the regions that require them, and instead pocket the biggest portions of it. The result of this greed is the lack of development in the deprived regions and the eventual poverty of the peo ple living in these areas.Another cause of poverty and underdevelopment is the poor management of natural resources and their under-utilization. These resources include earth minerals, water bodies, agricultural land, and sources of energy. There is no much enterprise in tapping natural resources and using them for development. A case in check is solar power. It was hardly tapped in large amounts to power massive utilities. Instead, underdeveloped countries depended on imported petroleum products for fuel. Oil is expensive and one cannot renew it once it is used up, unlike the natural and cheap solar energy and wind energy. coarse land is also not utilized to its fullest. Instead, people are abandoning it and going to look for jobs in the cities, and nevertheless these countries have no food security.Poor government policies are also another reason for underdevelopment. These poor policies fail to address the issues affecting underdeveloped countries. They include misplaced finan cial

Geography Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geography Master - Essay ExampleIt had been branching out for a long time, more so, with the new discoveries. History of somatogenic geographics starts with the cartography of early Greeks, developed by Eratosthenes, Strabo and Aristotle, and later popularised by Ptolemy, who even thought of latitude and longitude. The voyages of the discoverers and adventurers, conquests of Alexander the Great, geographical exploration and the broadening of the scientific outlook in humans, contributed immensely to the development of physiologic geography. carnal/Environmental geography includes hydrosphere, Lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. personal geography is considered to be a branch of two disciplines, Geography and worldly concern Sciences. . The main purpose of Physical Geography is to explain the spatial characteristics of the various natural phenomena that exist in Earths hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere, http//www.physicalgeography.net/home.htmlStudy of Physic al geography consists of rocks, minerals, land formations, animals, water, plants, environment, water bodies, oceans, atmosphere, rivers, weather and climate etc. It also covers Meteorology, Climatology, Biogeography, Geomorphology, Pedology, and Hydrology and every natural aspect, shape on the outer skin of Earth. It also consists of a history of uniformitarianism, Charles Darwins Evolution, constant exploration and survey, and the recently popularised conservation. It explains the quantitative change with statistics and measurement and determines mans relationship with the land. It deals with global warming and greenhouse effect. It explains the environment as it is found on Earth today, points out the natural and human-made changes and assimilates efforts of restoration. There are many future scopes of physical geography research. Applied physical geography is used for solving human-induced environmental problems. It has solutions for many daunting riddles, posed by an ecologica lly brainsick world. It also can be used for new techniques like Remote Sensing to monitor the resources of the demesne and atmosphere. Cartography combined with the modern scientific methods, could be a formidable force. These are the fundamentals of physical geography It is concerned with the atmospheric composition and the layered atmosphere, consisting of troposphere, tropopause, stratosphere, influence by the polar jet sprout and the subtropical jet stream, isothermal layer, ozone layer, mesosphere, stratopause and mesopause, and thermosphere. It learns the physical behaviour of the atmosphere and gas laws, temperature, density, pressure, volume, proportional atmosphere, proportional and in return proportional volumes. It studies mass, gravity, force of acceleration, terminal velocity, ultra violet radiation, atmospheric effects on incoming radiation, absorption, patterns of solar radiation absorption, greenhouse effect and photosynthesis, short and long wave radiations, gl obal heat balance, meridional transport, sensible, possible and surface heat flux, ocean currents, the concept of temperature, daily and annual cycles of temperature, global surface temperature distribution, forces acting to throw wind, local and regional wind systems, global scale circulation of the atmosphere, upper air winds and the jet streams, air wad and frontal transitional zones, the mid-latitude cyclone, thunderstorms and

Northrop Grumman U1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Northrop Grumman U1 - Essay ExampleTherefore, I selected Northrop Grumman for review because it deals with a huge go of businesses related to excuse celestial sphere. I hope to learn about different types of undersea, outer distance, and cyber space products and services that this party offers to its customers. Moreover, I will enhance my knowledge about the threats and opportunities that the business of defense security might have.Northrop Grumman was founded in 1994 when Northrop Aircraft Company merged with the Grumman Aerospace Company. The merger of the companies proved successful for both companies as they morose out to be the fourth major defense services providing company of the world in 2010. The former behind that success were the wide range of defense related products and services that it started providing to the customers by acquiring gravestone defense technologies and companies, such as, Westinghouse Electronic Systems, Logicon, Teledyne Ryan, Litton Industrie s, TRW, and Newport News Shipbuilding.The offices of the company are located in 50 states of America, whereas the central office of the company are based in Virginia. The company also has its headquarters in London, United Kingdom. The sector headquarters for business sectors of the company are located in California, Virginia, and Maryland. The total number of employees working for the company is 75,000 approximately. Northrop Grumman is a company that addresses key security challenges related to such areas that are of significant value for the defense sector of any nation. Some of those defense areas include C4ISR, unmanned systems, satellites, aircraft careers, logistics, and cyber security. The company offers a wide range of products and services to the governments all over the world. Some of the major products of the company include advanced laser targeted system, AESA radars, oceanic radars, booster vehicle engines,

Resoures needed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Resoures needed - Essay ExampleThe energy released is usu all toldy in passionateness form. After heat is let onted, the coolant lifts it out of the nuclear reactor. Coolant used in most instances is plain weewee. After the coolant has heated up, it proceeds to the turbine chamber where it drives a shaft. This makes nuclear reactors be exotic heat sources (Hargraves 45). The reactor core The reactor core generates heat and stores all nuclear fuel. It has uranium (low enriched, not less than 5% U-235). The coolant Material dismission through the core is called the coolant. It in any case transfers heat usually from fuel to turbine. A coolant can be the normal water, liquid sodium, or cloggy water. The turbine The turbine receives heat from the coolant then generates it to electricity. This takes the same method as it happens in fossil fuel plant. Containment This is the general high-density sword structure-separating reactor from environment. Most are dome shaped and usually r einforced in concrete. Cooling towers These are used in Plants to dump excessive heat that have not been transformed to energy. They only emit vapor and clean water commonly referred to as hyperbolic icons. Different types of nuclear reactors There exists a variety of nuclear reactors usually of different pursposes, fuel cycles, coolants, and different fuels. Some of them include Pressurized water reactor This is the most prevalent type of nuclear reactor. It uses the normal regular water as coolant. The cooling water is kept at very high pressures to keep it from boiling. It transfers heat to the secondary coolant loop after passing through heat exchanger. This then keeps turbine in motion. This type of reactor uses oxide fuel pellets compressed in zirconium tubes (Frog 40). This type of reactor has its pros and cons depending on circumstances. On the positive site, it has the void coefficient, which is strong and negative. Reactor easily cools cumulus when water begins to bubble . Secondly, the secondary loop prevents radioactive materials from reaching the turbines, which eases maintenance. Procedures have been optimized due to accumulated operating experiences. On the other side, coolants under heavy pressure have a high likely hood of escaping in the eventuality a pipe breaks. This reactor is not able to breed new fuel as result of it being susceptible concerning uranium shortage (Weston 56-58). Canada heavy hydrogen-Uranium Reactors (CANDUs) First used in Canada, they usually deliver heavy water with extra neutron in hydrogen. This therefore results to Deuterium taking place of pure hydrogen. Since Deuterium has limited expertness in absorbing neutrons compared to hydrogen, CANDUs operate strictly on natural uranium and not enriched. Its advantages are that it needs limited uranium enrichment .For this reason, it can usually be refueled when in operation which keeps capacity factors high. They posse comitatusss the flexibility nature and uses differe nt types of fuel. Its demerits are based on safety concerns since some variants posses positive coolant coefficients. Sodium Cooled Reactor Sodium metal, which is liquid in nature, cools down these types of reactors. Since sodium is heavier than hydrogen, it enables neutrons to resettlement at higher speed. These types of reactors use oxide or metal fuels and have the potential to burn everything thrown at them (Uranium, higher actinides, plutonium and thorium). The advantage of these reactors is that they have the capability to breed their own

Physical Reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physical realness - Essay ExampleAs a matter of fact, scientifically speaking, my thoughts serve merely as lengthiness cords to my school principal. My senses batchnot experience anything by themselves. It is my brain that decodes what is happening with my senses, and makes sense out of that. Let us take a simple example to understand this. When I travel in a train, and look out of the window, my sense of sight tells me that all the trees and peck are moving in the opposite direction. My brain, however, unscrambles the data received by my eyes, and informs me that it is I sitting in the train and the train itself, which move forward. And I am willing to discover to the message that my brain gives me, although it contradicts what my eyes chatter. So it is my brain, and the way I look at the world, which dictates how I see and experience it, and which I term reality. (Note, that a child, whose brain has not been conditioned will insist that it is the trees and the people that ar e moving, and not the train) There is no objective reality (as I stated earlier) heretofore if for our arguments sake we accepted that our brains processed data in identical ways (which they do not). For what my senses experience, and the data that my brain receives would differ, depending on the place where I stand when viewing phenomena. During a solar eclipse, if I stand in the umbra, I would claim that the sun is black, but if you stand within the penumbra you would see it as a sliver. So what we see or experience depends on where we stand, our perspective. My thought processes therefore gives me my reality, and my identity. (I think, therefore I am - Decartes )If we are asked the question, which is softer, a starched linen napkin or a rose petal(Chopra 186) we can resultant this without having to actually find a napkin or a petal. The reason I am adequate to do this is because I have gone to a subtler level of the sense of touch, and am able to show that touch. Similarly I can go to subtle levels of the other senses (sights, smells etc.). Deepak Chopra states that this level of the mind is not the subtlest that we can reach. We can go deeper. When we meditate the visual image of the rose would become fainter on the screen of our mind, savings bank nothing remains but the screen itself. Then one would be at the true derivation of the senses, the field of intelligence itself (Chopra 186)There are several other dimensions of reality, apart from the physical, which, as we discussed earlier is not so objective a thing as we may imagine, but quite a subjective phenomenon. fourth dimension and energy are two of the other dimensions of reality. Think of time what happens if we travel faster than the speed of easy Reality as we know would cease to exist then, and we may travel into yesterday. Coming to energy - those who serve Reiki1 state that they experience the energy that they transmit and receive in the process of healing, as a ruling of warmth, or a tingling sensation. The fact that energy is a vital

'Does Country Matter' - Summary and Critque Essay

Does Country Matter - Summary and Critque - Essay Examplea) The question is, how much does res publica difference actually explain the variations in achievements of foreign links To answer this, the elements they defined were as follows Country effects, diligence effects, Multinational Corporation (MNC) effects, Affiliates effects and the Years observed, analyzing these to see how they all contributed to the average return or descent success achieved by the foreign affiliates. They hypothesized that country had an important role to play and had not been explored fully in earlier research.b) Methodology The study is described as unique by the researchers because it uses performance of foreign affiliates as the primary unit of analysis, the country effects variables contained in it, and non-U.S. data, only Japanese MNCs. Data was taken from the cause Survey of Overseas Business Activities (Trend Survey), annually conducted by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. T he companies used were either secondary (MNC has 10% capital invested),sub-subsidiary (MNC has 50% invested) or where a sub-subsidiary has 50% capital invested in the foreign affiliate company. 12,000 total, over 6 years were examined, using 616c) Results and conclusions suggest that country effects are almost as great as industry effects, implying that the host country has great impact when determining performance, wi

Fatigue design consideration in columns under wave cyclic loading Research Paper

Fatigue design consideration in columns under wave cyclical loading - Re search Paper ExampleStudies reveal that there are significant calculations and estimations that contract to be considered to intend the effects of wave conditions on these structures. The present study focuses on these factors, and the types of fatigues that are possible. This would bring into barge the necessity for experts to consider an extensive study on the structures, the materials employed and the conditions of the waves such that effective measures may be applied in the process of construction. Introduction Considering the issue of cyclic wave loading, it is demand to understand that some(prenominal) cyclic strains and symmetricalness strains or strains that are permanent in nature are developed when a sequence of cyclic loads affect the underground soil. The permanent or residual strains stay tush at the end of each cyclic load reflecting a growe effect that gets accumulated with the effects le ft by earlier storms. Greater attention has been provided to evaluations of peak cyclic displacements that occur along with a storm. However there are greater take for studies on issues of permanent displacement. While considering these issues, it is also necessary to take into consideration the relationships among the properties of the soil, cyclic loading as well as well as the residual strains and the shear stress (Marr et al, 1981, pp.1129-1130). Concrete components used in onshore structures encounter forces of strong wave owing to frequent storms and are open to tremendously rigorous conditions of the environment leading to decay of steel that is wintry in the structure and worsening of the concrete material. Fatigue loading tests are conducted in this regard in order to obtain fatigue properties of column joints that are already stressed, the results of which can then be compared to those obtained from soundless loadings. Considering joints and columns in the offshore str uctures, it has been found that many types of offshore structures constituting concrete that is already stressed have been reinforced up with intentions to make use of the space of the offshore and to take advantage of the natural resources in offshore regions (Kiyomia et al, 1988, p.139). The present study focuses on the concept of fatigue design implemented in columns under cyclic wave loading. Literature Review Kiyomia et al (1988, pp.139-140) in their studies had discussed about the determination of the conditions of waves for fatigue designs. According to them the waves of sea are an assortment of numerous sinusoidal waves reflecting different periods of time and amplitudes. Moreover, the conditions of the wave vary based on the site of the construction. The conditions of the waves at every location need to be estimated and assessed by statistical procedures by kernel of wave records. The relationships between the numbers of waves and the wave heights are needed to determine t he fatigue recoil state according to the service life of the facility when using Miners rule for calculating the fatigue power of the joints. To estimate the serviceability of the joints, the wave conditions, expressed as the number of waves and wave heights over a period of 1 month to 1 year, are needed. A study considered by foreign Maritime Organization discussed that the likelihood of damages to fatigue designs owing to cyclic wave loading need to be taken concern of in the design of self-elevating and column-stabilized units (International Maritime Organization, 1990, p.72). Such analyses of the fatigue designs are infallible to be conducted with the studies based on the intended mode and the operations involved in the designs of the units. Also, the analysis needs to consider the life of the intended design and the convenience of individual structural

Risk in the Essex Voyage Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Risk in the Essex Voyage - Case Study exemplificationAccording to the discussion the crew decided to continue for five weeks without stopping to do repairs and searched for warm waters. The encountered opposite giant starrs who told them almost a newly discovered a good hunting ground located about four thousand six hundred kilometers to the southwest. The area was risky because it was too far and the inhabitants of the Islands were said to be cannibals. They went thousands into the coast of South America and but a number of days track downboats were empty despite the whale damaging their boat by surfacing directly below. Three whaleboats began to pursue a sperm whale but as they tried to harpoon it its fluke hit the boat and damaged its seam, which forced them to press clipping the line from the whale to put back the boat into the enter for repair. The second boat has also harpooned a whale that was pulling the way. As the work of repaired continued an abnormally larger whal e was seen behaving strangely. It lay without some(prenominal) movement and its mountain pass was facing the ship and it began to speedily approach the ship diving. The whale hit the ship with its head, went under it, and battered it tipping it to move from side to side. It continued to the starboard side of the ship and lay quiet but the crew could not kill it because it was too close to the rudder and could cause the ship intense damage. The whale was seen swimming ahead of the ship but came back in furry and speed and thrashed it with its tail and its head struck the ship again.This study outlines that the whale crushed the bow and pushed the ship backwards and the whale them spud away and were never seen again. The ship began to sink slowly and the crew had only whaleboats for survival. The captain gathered navigational instruments but he could do much and was terrified. The ship took two days to sink, during which the crew tried to keep open their supplies.

Roles Within a Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Roles Within a Group - Essay ExampleAnd the later are the ones who make the work slower and distract the some other people as well. The radical is effective when they achieve their target and suit the deadline. The individual roles in a group matters a lot and it affects the overall performance of the group and the results of their efforts.Compromiser Group member is loyal to the group and kitty do the things which may not be beneficial for him but are good for the group. They can change their position for the betterment of the group and can take extra responsibilities.Expediter He or she makes legitimate that all members of the group are participating in the conservation and are learning from the group activity. He or she encourages the shy and quiet members and can set the rules for the assertive members, so that they can not rule the quiet members.Observer He or she observes the activities of the group. It helps the group members to be on track and he or she provides the feed back to the group, which helps in improving the standards of the group.Self-confessor These members use the group meetings to confess and disclose their personal feelings, which are irritating at times. They give comments on everything, which is going on, and their comments usually are in guise of relevance, for example my children also appointment like this, or my elder is same like our boss. These comments distract the members attention from the topic.A lieu where Negative roles were OperatingIn a family, all siblings were planning to go out on a picnic without their parents or any other elder. The siblings are aged between 11-15 years. The elder one is the bossy person in the family and he wants his younger brother and sister to obey him in every matter. The pith one is a rebel, which is opposite to the eldest one. This makes the whole situation really complex, and this ends in their failure to go to the picnic, because the eldest one keeps on ordering the others but the midd le one never listens to him. This makes their plane to meet the failure and it results in their fight as well.A situation where Positive roles were Op

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

proposal - Essay ExampleIn web calculative all the mistakes made must be identify in good time in order to avoid challenges. Creating a website is not a hassle to most of the web authors alone making it to be of use is the main challenge. This also includes the power of the website to ease up a good interface for the customers to love it and increase traffic attendance.Most of the web designers in engineering science assume that they create a website for themselves by introducing their own interest factors forgetting the needs of the users hence making the website to flex dormant. In such sites, there will be no users and traffic will be actually low even when new users will be invited to the website. A website designer can make errors when designing the website and assume simple mistakes that will make users to avoid logging online into the website. It is the duty of a web designer to ensure that all constraints and procedures of the website are well followed. Any website d esigned must be included with a source explore engine to be the main reference to the new users joining the website. As a web designer, you must include all the search tools needed in the website and have the right search function. One of the major search engines we have is Google which must be included into the website. Not necessarily, Google search engine, but there also exists other search engines like Yahoo and Bing. Most designers prefer to come up with their own search engines to avoid unnecessary advertisements.For a good website there must be an handsome readability and legibility in a way that the interface is well designed and attracts the customers reading the website. totally the rules and regulations of the website must be well analyzed and understood by the users in the website. This captures the idea of the website to have a good constructed speech communication that is commonly use by many of the users. Example of a common language is the USA English language th at must be used in most of the design sections of

Bees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bees - Research newspaper ExampleThe tiny bees may appear to be aggressive in nature but, ar surrender so many benefits in the form of honey and wax. For all the women out there, one be should be thankful to these tiny insects as they have been taking care of an individuals skin for a very long time.As one all are familiar with the common employment of bees which is the pollination, most other recyclable role of bees include its antibacterial effect, its skin care benefits and who can immerse the sweetest role of bees which is the making of honey. There are approximately 20,000 species of these little insects, the bees. The tiny creatures can be found in every part of the world but not in Antarctica. European honey bee is the most astray known specie of bees. As the homosexual nature forces him to keep himself abreast about everything that happens around so, the human being could not resist to extract the benefits out of the honey bee. Today, beekeeping is being carried out by human beings to manage the benefits out of honey bee. Bee keeping is necessary to take care of the population of these useful creatures. Check out how one can benefit from this little creature but, do not forget to give it some quadriceps femoris too.As far as the question is concerned how to give space to bees then the answer to it is simple Drill deep holes into a large pine block and mark a roof over it. The bee box is ready. Later, place this bee box in such an area where pollination is required. After one are done with this kind gesture, it is time to contribute in boosting pollination. This initiative go away help one to ensure that maximum number of plants are building an active reproduction and producing fruits. dulcify bees are required by the plants for an efficient as well as effective reproduction. Mason bees in any case actively play their part in pollination but, they do not produce honey. Carpenter bees are very helpful as they pollinate those plants which ar e not pollinated by honey bees. Please do not get wild upon seeing a bee

Implications of an Intelligence Success or Failure Assignment

Implications of an cognition Success or Failure - Assignment ExampleIf we go by the memory lane, we find noticeable success of USA. Few of them atomic number 18 end of Cold War era, Soviet collapse, Gulf War, overthrown unpopular regimes in Iraq, Egypt and Libya, targeting and netting most wanted terrorist of the world including Osama Bin Laden besides tracking down Lockerbie shooters from Libyan territory (Zegart, 2005). Intervention of the Statesn CIA in Chile The role of American watchword Agencies from hinderance to overthrown of dirty governments are not hidden from any superstar. Americans do not compromise at the cost of American sake, be it Chile or any other country of the globe. How the Chilean people forgot the American intervention in their country during the Presidency of Mr. Ford. The intervention came in the month of September 1974, apparently to keep inherent freedom of print and electronic media besides protection of democratic rights of the political parties in the best interest of the American and the Chilean people (Senate select intelligence, 1976). Later on, the Senate committee justified the cited direct action of the American learning Agency in which an elected government of Marxist President Salvador was toppled. The intrusion of CIA lasted more than a decade in Chile, costing around USD 13million to the exchequer of USA (Senate select intelligence, 1976). Impact of Success of Intelligence Agencies of USA The success of intelligence agencies of USA in different parts of the world makes the United States of America an apex power of the World. Political abuses of American FBI The historical perspective of political abuse of FBI is multidimensional. The first one is the subservience of President and its associates, ready... Implications of an Intelligence Success or FailureIts information relates to enemy would be of nifty help to locate the enemy and to decide which tactics and weapons when properly uses, would be instrumental i n amiable war against the enemy in an specific area (Richelson, 1995). The intelligence agency shoulders three sorts of intelligence task. As a first step, it is to gather material information for assessment. The second step is to examine the enemys capabilities, nefarious designs against the country. Accordingly take measures to respond internal and external threats. The third step of this process requires takings and dissemination.On the basis of gathered information and analysis, the cited agency enables to compose finished intelligence reports for the perusal of armed forces and civilian incumbents. The primary responsibility of an intelligence officer is to make decision and to take action accordingly. Intelligence officers have to work closely with the policy makers and armed forces to get the job done in an legal way (Richelson, 1995). Discussion Success of USA Intelligence Soon after the Second World War, the thusly President of USA Mr. Truman specifically focused on De fense and Intelligence Agencies to enhance its capabilities to combat with the change magnitude menace of Communism and the survival of free civilization (Senate select intelligence, 1976).The success and failures of American Intelligence Agencies are crystal clear. Their latest move to find out Osama Bin Laden in Pakistan proved successful. This has endorsed the efficiencies of its sight agencies.

The Lives and Religions of Jesus and Muhammad Essay Example for Free

The Lives and Religions of deliverer and Muhammad EssayAs the figureheads of two major world religions, the lives and commandments of the Naz atomic number 18ne and Muhammad are consistently examined and debated. The lives of these two men are strikingly distinct, and perhaps this is reflected in the different ways in which they are considered and worshipped. saviour promoted pacification and goodwill to all men, was destined for his role as a spiritual attractor at the routine of conception, and is worshipped as a providential entity. In contrast, Muhammad was a powerful political and military attraction as well as a apparitional one, and is non worshipped as a divine entity, alone simply as a prophet, or messenger of perfection. The Life and Death of messiah delivery boy Jesus is thought to have been born(p) in Bethlehem, in or close to 4 BC (Bockmuehl, 13), and to have been raised in Nazareth by parents Mary and Joseph. Joseph was a carpenter by trade, as was Jesus himself. Jesus was a devout Jew (Bockmuehl, 15), but it is thought that his interpretation of the Torah was significantly different from what was generally accepted. The gospel singing frequently describe incidents in which Jesus debated scripture and was critical of certain Jewish sects, most notably the Pharisees.In the absence of other historical sources, the Gospels are the main source of information almost the life of Jesus. Little is known about the events that occurred between Jesus birth and his emergence as the leader of a religious movement. At an unknown point in his life, Jesus became a follower and ace of a prophet figd John the Baptist (Bockmuehl, 22). After the arrest of John the Baptist, Jesus began preaching. He taught that the kingdom of God was imminent and that repentance of sins and acceptance of the Gospel was necessary to acquire treasure in heaven (Mark 1021).It is thought that Jesus ministry lasted approximately three years. According to the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus traveled throughout Galileee, teaching in synagogues and open fields alike, healing the sick, and proclaiming the gospel of the kingdom (Matthew 423). Jesus use parables extensively, presumptively because they made his messages of faith and forgiveness easier to understand. The events culminating in Jesus crucifixion occurred in Jerusalem (Bockmuehl, 36).According to the Gospels, he ca apply a disturbance in a temple by overturning tables belonging to moneychangers and preventing the passage of people who used the temple as a sort of shortcut through the city. Ultimately, he was executed because his teachings and actions made him a threat to the perceptual constancy of established religion and power structures (Bockmuehl, 96). Jesus death is perhaps more principal(prenominal) than his life, in terms of the impact it has had on the popularity and acceptance of his religious teachings. If Jesus had not died a martyr, Christianity would not exist as we know it tod ay.Even more important than his manner of death, however, are the Gospel reports which posit that three days after his death, his tomb was empty, and that he was subsequently seen alive by the disciples (Bockmuehl, 102). Regardless(prenominal) of whether or not Jesus was actually resurrected, belief in the resurrection is the defining principle of the Christian faith, and is the basis for the spacious impact of Christianity on the Western world. Jesus resurrection increases the significance of his death and validates the messages of his ministry (Bockmuehl, 101).The Life and Death of Muhammad Unlike Jesus, who, having been conceived immaculately was destined for greatness, Muhammad was a middle aged man before he received his calling (Cook, 14). Muhammad was born in or around 570 AD, and did not receive his mission (Cook, 14) for over forty years. This occurred on raise Hira, near Mecca. It is said that as Muhammad lay asleep, the angel Gabriel came to him in a dream and revealed to him the first of a series of scriptures which eventually became the Koran.Muhammad subsequently spend ten to fifteen years in Mecca (Cook, 16), where he not only made some(prenominal) converts, but was also visited repeatedly by Gabriel, who introduced him to Abraham, Moses, and Jesus and allowed him to visit heaven. At this time, Paganism was the predominant religion in Mecca, and while Muhammad was mocked by some, he and his new religion were in the main tolerated. However, Muhammad began to criticize Pagan gods, and hostility was the eventual result, as city rules feared that the turbulence caused by religious partitioning might limit trade between Mecca and other cities.A outlet of Muhammads followers fled to Ethiopia to miss persecution (Cook, 18). Muhammad himself eventually found protection in the form of tribesmen located in the northern city of Medina, who seemingly saw Muhammads religion as a means of uniting their city, which was then fraught with innate politi cal division (Cook, 19). Muhammads move to Medina took place in 622 AD, and is called the hijra. The year in which this occurred became known as the first year of the Moslem era. Once settled in Medina, Muhammad succeeding in uniting the hawkish Arab factions by enveloping both under the Muslim umbrella (Cook 21).With bloodshed between Muslims forbidden, the feud was efficaciously halted. With internal peace assured, Muhammad turned his attentions to external enemies, the chief of these being his home town, Mecca. He achieved a number of military successes, including the invasion and capture of Mecca (Cook, 22). His religious message spread as his conquests continued, and many Arab tribes submitted to his political and religious authority. Muhammad continued to receive visits from Gabriel, and many of the rituals which define Islam originated in this way (Cook, 23).Unlike Jesus, Muhammad died peacefully, of an unknown illness (Cook, 24), and was survived by nine wives as well as four daughters. Military operations continued in the name of Islam after his death. Muhammad had apparently planned to send an exploratory expedition to Palestine (Cook, 22), but died before this could be carried out. However, within a generation after his death, the nerve center East had been conquered by the Muslims. Historical Worship of Jesus and Muhammad Jesus was an object of worship within a generation after his death (Bockmuehl, 220).Christ was invoked in prayer and hymn as early as the first coke AD. However, it was not until the fourth century that Christianity was widely accepted (Bockmuehl, 223). At this point religious iconography began to appear in public displays, and purpose-built Christian churches were erected as the Christian faith became more organized and hierarchical. The importance of Christianity steadily increased until the end of the Middle Ages, at which point Christianity was the center of all aspects of life.Art, literature, music, and architecture wer e created to glorify Christ and depict Biblical events. alike at this time, religious art began to explore the human side of Jesus (Bockmuehl, 225), portraying his mental and visible anguish in realistic crucifixion scenes. It was not until the Italian Renaissance and Humanistic philosophy of the ordinal century that secular art and literature began to appear. The self-exploration prompted by the Renaissance eventually gave rise to schisms within the previously unified Christian church.In the modern world, Jesus is increasingly viewed as just one of many prophets, including Moses, Muhammad, and Buddha (Bockmuehl, 237). Worship of Jesus in the twenty-first century is perhaps more personal than it once was, with less emphasis on organized religion and more emphasis on a personal descent with Christ. This is perhaps necessary in a world which is increasingly secular, where there are many different religious denominations which identify as Christian, and where Christianity is no t hirster an entity which dominates every aspect of both public and mystic life.Unlike Jesus, who is worshipped as a divine entity, Muhammad is worshipped as a prophet or messenger of God, rather than a divine being (Cook, 83). Muhammad was not only a religious leader, but a political and military leader as well. The monotheistic faith that Muhammad created gave Islamic Arab nations the political stability that enabled them to become one of the worlds major civilizations (Cook, 86). Within two hundred years of Muhammads death, the Islamic religions had spread far beyond the borders of Arabian countries (Cook, 87).In the modern world, the faith is no longer spread via conquest of other countries, despite the efforts of extremist sects such as Al-Qaeda. As with Christianity, the basic tenets of Muslim faith remain unchanged, however the modern world has indeed influenced Muslim practices (Rippin, 127). Similar to the way in which the increasing separation of religion and state influenc ed Christianity, this division, together with the existence of the Muslim faith in countries which are not predominantly Muslim, has made the religion more of a personal choice and less of a political or national way of life.Just as with Christianity, numerous Muslim sects exist in the world. However, for devout Muslims, the rituals and practices of the faith remain virtually unchanged in comparison to what they were during ancient times. Conclusion The lives and deaths of Jesus and Mohammad have been just as influential in their respective religions as their teachings, if not more so. twain managed to unite innumerable people under one religion in different ways, which are reflected in their teachings and the events of their lives.Both were the figureheads of monotheistic religions, but had very different teachings. Jesus main message was the importance of chicane of both God and of fellow man, while Muhammad promoted unity within the Muslim community but used war as a means of s preading the Islamic faith to new lands.ReferencesBockmuehl, Markus. (2001) The Cambridge companion to Jesus. Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press. Cook, Michael. (1996) Muhammad. Oxford Oxford University. Rippin, Andrew. (1990) Muslims Their sacred Beliefs and Practices. London Routledge.

The Anatomy of Evil Essay Example for Free

The Anatomy of worthless screenIn his Vessels of Evil, Laurence Thomas contends that the insane brook do no sinister (p. 98). Thomass view about the consanguinity between flagitious and insanity is harsh among lay tribe, psychiatrists and philosophers. In this section I consider whether the insane be precluded from evildoing. Part of the problem in assessing the claim that the insane can do no evil, is that it is not incessantly clear to whom we be referring by the term insane.According to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, the insane ar people who atomic number 18 in a state of mind that precludes normal perception, manner, and ordinary social interaction they are mad, psychotic or mentally ill. However, by insane Thomas and others who contend that the insane can do no evil cannot mean anyone with a mental illness (i. e. anyone with a disorder listed in the DSM-IV), for on that point is no reason to hold that e. g. individuals suffering from Obsessive-Compul sive disorder or from spider phobias cannot do evil. much than correspondingly those who argue that the insane can do no evil mean something closer to the legitimate notion of insanity according to which the insane are those who, at the time of acting, . are laboring nether much(prenominal) a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the reputation and quality of the act they are doing or if they do know it, they do not know they are doing what is wrong (Clark and Fin, p. 210).This is the content of the famous McNaughtan Rules which guard come to dominate the common law on the defense of insanity. However, one problem with the court-ordered notion of insanity is that it is not eer clear who is able to ascertain the nature and quality of their actions or to tell that what they are doing is wrong. Also, it isnt clear that the de jure insane will always be precluded from evildoing. In what follows I consider the relationship between dissimilar mental illnesses , legal insanity and our ability to do evil.I argue that the Desire Account of Evil provides a natural demarcation between those mental illnesses that preclude us from evildoing and those that do not. I contend that the legal notion of insanity is a less accurate guide. People suffering from delusions or psychoses are unable to see the world correctly or to draw reasonable inferences from their perceptions (APA, pp. 273-281). They are like the citizen of Usville who cannot be expected to believe anything other than that the Notlikeuses are hostile vampires from another jut outet.Like the citizen of Usville, delusional or psychotic schizophrenics do not have e- liking sets be give they have good reasons for their false beliefs about the worthiness of the goals for which they desire suffering or about the significance of the harm they desire. Thus, people who have others significant harm because of delusions or psychosis resulting from their mental illnesses do not do evil for two reasons they do not do evil because their actions do not follow from e-desire sets and they do not do evil because they are not incorrupt agents.Besides schizophrenia, other disorders much(prenominal) as Schizoaffective inconvenience oneself-importance, Delusional Disorder, Brief Psychotic Disorder, Dementia, Manic depression, etc. can involve psychotic or delusional episodes where a patient may perform actions causing commodious harm to others because their mental illness causes them to believe that the goal for which they cause the harm is justified or that the harm they cause is insignificant (APA, pp. 273-315). In all of these cases no evil has been performed according to my account of evil.Also, people committing crimes under delusions or psychoses are often deemed legally insane by jurists and judges, for if we commit a crime because of delusions or psychoses we do not know the nature or quality of our actions. For instance, in 1843, Richard Dadd was deemed legally insane and consequently acquitted of the brutal murder of his father because he had the delusional belief that his father was the devil. In fact, around all cases of legal insanity involve mental illnesses that include delusions or psychosis (Cleckley, pp. 514-527). People with dissociative identity disorder have two or more distinct identities or personality states.Usually thither is a ancient identity which uses the name of the individual who hosts the identities. This identity is typically passive, dependent, guilty and depressed. Alternate identities, on the other hand, typically have personalities that contrast with the primary identity, e. g. they are hostile, controlling, aggressive, and lack remorse. Individuals with dissociative Identity Disorder experience assemble identities taking control in sequence, often denying knowledge of their actions to the other identities including the primary identity (APA, p. 84).It is reasonable for the courts to excuse individuals with disso ciative identity disorder for their wrongdoing on the basis of insanity because the primary identities in these cases are often not aware of the nature or quality of the wrongful acts caused by their more aggressive identities, and the court cannot split the guilty identities from the innocent ones for the purpose of punishment. I also conceive that those who intentionally cause or witness someone elses significant harm from an e-desire set as an riffle identity have not committed evil.For in these cases the primary identity does not intentionally cause or witness someone elses significant or serious harm from an e-desire set, the alternate identity does. Thus, it is the alternate identity who acts evilly and not the primary identity. We must judge each identity and her actions independently. Perhaps the most(prenominal) famous and controversial cluster of mental disorders that can lead to significant harm are the antisocial personalities disorders.According to the DSMIV persons diagnosed with antisocial personalities must be at least 18 years old exhibit a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others since age 15 have displayed evidence of exculpate disorder since before age 15 and have at least three of the following 7 traits(1) failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are thousand for arrest, (2) deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, uses of aliases or conning others for personal profit or pleasure, (3) impulsivity or failure to plan ahead, (4) irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults, (5) reckless disregard for the safety of self or others, (6) consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations, and (7) lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another (Ibid, pp. 646-650).Cleckley argues that psychopaths are not responsible for their actions because they often act against their own self-interest and are therefore irrationa1. For instance, psychopaths often appear to be hopelessly impulsive, and committing crimes they are sure to be incarcerated for just hours after they are released from wards they claim to detest.However, others, such as Vinit Haksar, argue that we can only judge the psychopaths seemingly irrational impulsivity as counter to his self-interest if we assume he has values roughly the same as ours. But, Haksar claims, we should not assume this assumption since psychopaths may simply value committing spontaneous antisocial acts very highly, and value things that the rest of us value highly (e. g. relationships, careers, freedom) relatively low or only as a means to drip out antisocial activities. Generally, psychopaths are thought to be criminally responsible for their actions and are tried for their crimes since t hey do not suffer from delusions or psychoses of any kind and they reason well enough. When psychopaths commit crimes they know they are breaking societal norms and thus they seem to pass the McNaughtan test for legal sanity.However, some, such as Antony Duff, have argued that psychopaths are so emotionally and morally deficient that they cannot understand the emotional and moral significance of matters such as death, love, friendship and career for others, and so, they cannot understand how they provide reasons for acting and for judgment (Duff, p. 193). Thus, psychopaths do not genuinely understand the nature and quality of their actions since they lack the basic values and emotional capacity involve for understand morality. Duff concludes that psychopaths should be considered legally insane and not criminally responsible. Besides discussing the relationship between variant mental illnesses and evildoing, I have also argued that we cannot equate those whose mental illnesses pr eclude them from evildoing with the legally insane. integrity reason we cannot equate these two groups is that it is sufficient for legal insanity that we are unable to know whether our actions are wrong, while this condition is irrelevant to whether our act is evil Another reason we may not be able to equate those whose mental illnesses preclude them from evildoing with the legally insane is that we may be required to have a greater understanding of the nature of our actions to be criminally responsible than we do to be evil That is, if Duff is right that psychopaths are so emotionally deficient that they cannot sufficiently understand the nature and quality of their actions for legal sanity, then we need a better understanding of the nature and quality of our actions to be criminally responsible than we do to be capable of evil I do not argue one way or the other about whether Duff is correct in his insistence that legal sanity requires an emotional understanding of the nature of our actions. Instead, I argue that, regardless of the conditions required for legal sanity, for evil we must only have the perceptual, cognitive and deliberative capacities required for moral agency and for recognizing that we intentionally cause or witness someone elses significant or serious harm.

A Streetcar named disire Essay Example for Free

A Streetcar named disire EssayBlanche is an extremely volatile, and is physically and emotionally insecure character to say the least. Her instabilities range from riotous vanity, to a need for alcohol, and a need to find unconditional bask. Indeed, one could say that Blanche was a brought up as a prim and proper lady, yet in reality, like the white she is often referred to, clip has tainted her. Prior to Blanches introduction, an atmosphere is set that is greatly linked to Blanche, while set in inspired fields the setting is quite different to its name. Primarily, the houses have a white frame, weathered gray implying whiteness lost. This idea is set many times doneout the course of this play in relation to Blanche. even up in the introduction, this idea is used a number of times with phrases like faded white stairs, the desolate white building. An atmosphere of decay is depicted through out the play with the colour dark-brown. Be it the brown river, or even the whiskey Blanche relies on, brown tends to symbolize negative facts.This taps into a nonher idea, one could excessively say that colour plays a big part for blanche, as it does not only coincide with her love of fashion, but the book lets it, and music display emotions felt in specific parts of scenes. This is evident particularly by the music playing in the background, the blue piano. This music instills a degree of melancholy on the reader, and as the title suggests (and similarly to the Blues) is a depiction of morbidity in the atmosphere, and yet it is only put in to Blanche. Even in the initial dialogue of the play, sexual innuendoes appear in abundance.This is initially in the wee-wee of an icy cold wave up and down her and the vendor shouting Red hot priapic metaphors are used in the description of Meat, and are relevant to Stella and Stanleys relationship (focused on immediately after) as it is a very sexually charged, and is a somewhat animalistic relationship. On Blanches arr ival, in a reconcile of shocked disbelief (due to the inconceivable surroundings she is in), she is dressed in a white suit with ear-rings of os and white gloves, stating her mask of white purity.With this exposition, her age is revealed, as she must not be exposed to rough light, and must therefore be wrinkled. She is referred to as a moth, due to her false whiteness, but also because of her fidgety, chatoyant mannerisms (common in alcoholics). Blanches backwardness is made clear for the first time in her bid to cling to the last(prenominal) by calling Mrs. Stanley Kowalski, Stella DuBois. This also signifies the period the play was written as the female is referred to through her husband. From this number on, Blanche is noticeably dismissive of Eunice, holds a derogatory sarcasm through out.Her repetitions of the same word to Eunices varied move are extremely dismissive, yet her vanity peers through in stating, Yes? as a question on news Stella spoke of her. On mention of Belle Reve, we come to ca-ca that it means beautiful dream. This is obviously not the case though, as Blanche immediately goes off the point when its upkeep is mentioned. Blanche behaves very haughtily in the scene, and through the use of condescending language, and unsubtle hints (id like to be left alone), managed to offend, and therefore get rid of Eunice.This dissociation she wishes to have with Eunice not only portrays blanche in a haughty light, but also gives the impression that Blanche feels in Belle Reve, someone like Eunice would be have been her servant. Blanche is an extremely nervous person, and catches her breath with a startled move on hearing a cat screech. A reason for this nervous reaction is apparent when we realize her affiliation with whiskey. Not only does she drink the whiskey uninvited, but she attempts to mask her tracks as well. This is a primary feather indication that she is an alcoholic as is talking to ones self (Ive got to keep hold of myself).

Communication Process Essay Example for Free

Communication Process Essay1. Briefly describe the mis translateing, including the setting and the people involved.At my late job that I was working a situation came about, I was helping my director file nigh bills with personal information. Well she did not make it clear that each bill went into a certain folder, which do my job a lot difficult and ending up me having to do the whole process over again, when I had to do other project that my other Director had told me to finish up within that day. 2. get along the following table with information from your described misunderstanding.Question Answer Who was the sender? My Director Who was the receiver? Myself What was the cognitive content? File these documents What channel was used to send the message? Sound and light waves What was the misunderstanding? How to file the documents How could you cave in avoided the misunderstanding? It could begin been avoided if my director would have told me the arrange way to file them instead of me trying to enter out how to file the documents.3. The acquaintance model in Ch. 2 of Communicating in the Workplace shows that preceding knowledge and experiences combine with your psychological state to shape your subjective reality. What was your perception expiration into the situation? How did your perception of the misunderstanding affect the communication process?My perception of the situation was that there really was not correct way into filing the documents, all she wanted was for them to be filed. It affected the misunderstanding and how the communication process went through with(predicate) my mind was that she should have told me how to correctly do it the proper way, instead of just telling me to finish filing. I just thought that she wanted them out of the way and into the filing cabinet.4. After reflecting on your misunderstanding and analyzing it with what you have learned this week, what did you learn about the communication process?I h ave learned that there be a lot of ways in communicating and that when someone tells another person to do something, and so that person is listening and taking in information differently, to ask questions when told to do something if you do not understand what that person is wanting from you. The reason why I say this is because not every person is going to be the same, as it stated in the example of the model in Ch. 2 of Communicating in the Workplace, A hog could be a pig but really the person was referring to a motorcycle. For another instance when someone is telling another person to do something, that person receives the message but readiness take it another way because of how that person encodes the information, that is why it is important to respond back to the person and fashioning a clear understanding of what that person is wanting. I would not want to risk someone elses life it I did not understand the information correctly because that will affect my job on the line as well.ReferenceCheesebro, T., OConnor, L., Rios, F. (2010). Communicating in the workplace. Upper Saddle River, NJ scholar Hall.

Reality vs. Fantasy Essay Example for Free

Reality vs. Fantasy undertakeRene Descartes, author of Meditation 1, writes how he must erase every involvement he had ever learned and thought to be true and must begin again from the first foundations (222). One may ask how Descartes came to this conclusion. The answer is that of he sincereized how many were the false opinions that in his youth he took to be true, and thus how doubtful were every last(predicate) the things that he by and by built upon these opinions (222). This change was to take place at the perfect time in Descartes life however, he wasted much time waiting for that moment Descartes decided to simply let go of it. He started questioning everything he ever believed in. Descartes raised one specific question How does one justify creation awake from dreaminging? He gives an example stating that I am here, clothed in my dressing gown, position at the fireplace, when in fact I am lying undressed between he blankets (222). Descartes describes how a dream m ay feel so real, one might actually think their dream is in fact reality. He goes on further saying plainly that there atomic number 18 no defined signs to distinguish being awake from being asleep that I am quite astonished, and this astonishment intimately convinces me that I am sleeping (222).This all lead to Descartes coming up with a theory that perchance we do not even contain these hands, or any such body at all (223). He started questioning the beence of God as well, wondering whether or not he existed or if the heavens and earth were actually there. More questioning followed asking himself how do I know that I am not deceived every time I add two and three or await the sides of a squargon or perform an even simpler operation? (203).What Descartes became genuine of was that an pestiferous genius as clever and deceitful as he is powerful, who had directed his entire effort to misleading me (224) and a conclusion was made that he would regard himself as having no han ds, no eyes, no flesh, no blood, no senses, further as nevertheless falsely believing that he possesses all these things (224). Descartes reasoning in my opinion is false for the near part. I would have to go over with him that people should sometimes examine their belief to distinguish whether or not it is accurate.People dream of things that seem very realistic as if it were actually happening however, once they are awake they can distinguish what was reality and what was a dream. Sometimes being fooled by a dream doesnt come to the conclusion that everything around us and everything we believe does not actually exist. However, it is possible to also dream that one woke up in their dreams remembering the dream they were having. The dream may have felt real but in the end they when they were awake the difference between reality and dream could be pointed out.somebody can not be 100 percent sure of something but they can be surefooted about what they believe is real vs. dream. A person who has a hand is aware of it. All the somatic ways to know a hand is there exists. They can see it, feel it, touch it, and use up it. The question Descartes raises says that even though we can see a hand how do we know it is au consequentlytically there and it isnt our imaginations or a dream. Reality is what it is. We know we are not dreaming because of the details we see in reality and the pain we feel. It is also possible to be fooled by a dream sometimes thinking something is actually occurring when it isnt.I know my hand is there because I believe it is and am certain of it unless there is individual who can give evidence proving my belief is false. All rational people would agree with me. There is no sure way of proving that my hand is there because in this world there are many things that cannot be proven even though we know for a fact they exist. There is no sure way to prove if anything exists. There is no inference that we are not controlled by an evil scien tist or that our brains our controlled by another making us feel and think things that actually arent there.The only thing a person can rely on is there senses and experiences. They must trust that something is there and it is in fact reality. If one goes on doubting everything and anything around them because they also doubt themselves. If one believes zipper exists they themselves dont exist which is false because they do. If they do not exist then it would not be possible for them to have these thoughts. Overall a hand is a hand. It exists. It is made up of fingers and nerves which we use day after day. If it didnt exist no one would be cap open of doing much in their lives without their hands.How would one be able to type, or play the piano, or even write a story? Descartes believed he had no hands, then how were his thoughts and feelings written down if they do not exist? I believe that our hands do exist however, there might be a chance that my hands and other things are con trolled by someone else but it is not likely the case. Nothing can be for certain unless there is actual proof and evidence proving whether it is true or not. We must trust our instincts and everything around us to guide us in believing the right and accurate things.Descartes might say in response to my reasoning that I am false and my reasoning is unjust and inaccurate. He would most likely give counterexamples to falsify my reasoning. I would then ask him how he has been able to eat without hands or how a person might advertize a car? I would be most anxious to hear what answers he would come up with . Reality is, if no one had hands the world would not exist. Descartes, Rene. Meditation 1. Twenty Questions An Introduction To Philosophy. Ed. Steve Wainwright. fifth ed. Belmont Holly J. Allen, 2004. 221-25.

High School and Public School Enrollment Essay Example for Free

High School and Public School registration EssayIn the essay Still Separate, Still Unequal, the author Jonathan Kozol criticizes the educational system practiced in the urban areas of the United States and where he writes about his beliefs that minorities are being placed in poor conditions duration the Caucasian majority is obtaining funding for the schoolings that the majority of them attend. He supports his personal viewpoints, with statistics which he himself gathered from different schools rough the U.S.Kozol starts out his essay with logic to prove that the school systems of today are separate and unequal by using demographics from public schools from the larger cities in the country for example, In Chicago, by the academic year 2002-2003, 87% of public school enrollment was black or Hispanic less than 10% of children in the schools were white. In Washington D.C., 94 % of children were black or Hispanic less than 5% were white (220). He emphasizes on these statistics to prove his point that schools are still segregated. Later in the essay the author then mentions in his essay that the word diversity, cease to lead real meaning or, rather, they mean the opposite of what they say(223).Kozol mentions that when he visited in the fall of 2004 in Kansas City, Missouri, for example, a document distributed to visitors reports that the schools curriculum addresses the needs of children from respective(a) backgrounds. He goes on explaining that when he went from class to class, he did not encounter any children who were white or Asiaticor Hispanic (223).He then makes the reader connect emotionally by writing comments that spicy school students and third graders from segregated neighborhoods and public schools made about their different situations in their school. For example, he quotes a letter that an eight-year-old girl wrote to him saying, We do not welcome the things you have. You have Clean things. We do not have. You have a clean bathroom. We do n ot have that. You have Parks and we do not have Parks.You have all the thing and we do not have all the thing. Can you help us (224)? Kozol then presents facts about how physicians were removed from elementary schools. The author continues presenting conversations with people that he met. Jonathan Kozols essay shows how the school system today is in fact still divided and unequal according to somebodys skin color or race even though the course of Brown vs. Board of culture allegedly resolved this.Prev Page

Virtue and Epic Essay Example for Free

equity and Epic EssayBeowulf, the Anglo Saxon tale of a champions great courage, is an casing of the large form of literature. An epic is a long narrative poem that celebrates a hitmans deeds. Beowulf takes ordinate on the European mainland, among two tribes which were the Danes and the Geats. The Geat warrior, Beowulf, crosses the sea to help the Danes and fights monsters, he later returns to Sweden to succeed his uncle Higlac as poof of the Geats. A nonher reason Beowulf is an epic is because the story has a vast setting and includes a long, dangerous journey. Beowulf not only fights in land but he also fought dangerous sea creatures underwater.Throughout this epic, Beowulf makes a journey to find Grendels mother, he ends up fighting big, strong monsters underwater. Not only did he invite to breathe underwater but he also had to fight. This journey was very dangerous because he had no help he had to fight the sea creatures by himself. Beowulf should be computeed an ep ic because it is a hero who performs transmundane feats and is in a high position in his society. There is a hero who performs supernatural feats, Beowulf breathes underwater for hours and hours, he has great strength. Beowulf has courage and bravery. He fights monsters twice his size and he ends up victorious.The hero is of noble birth or high position in his society. Beowulfs uncle is Higlac and he is king of the Geats, indeed Beowulf is honored and respected by people in Herot. Beowulf was the strongest man in Herot that is another reason wherefore he had a high position in his society. Beowulf also qualifies an epic because the heros lawsuit traits reflect important ideals of his society. An ideal of Anglo Saxon culture on the 900s was spreading the word nigh the idea of adopting Christianity. This ideal was important during that time period because religion was barely spreading and they wanted Christianity to be a main aspect of life.Throughout Beowulf it makes the compari son between ingenuous and evil. Beowulf represents this ideal by him world protected by God and his faith in God for everything. Also, throughout this epic there is an unseeyn battle between the good and the noisome, the good being Beowulf and the bad being Grendel. Finally Beowulf is an epic because its plot of land involves timeless values. In present days there are still invisible battles between good and evil. We might not have sea creature or ferocious giants but we also have monsters. Some monsters in our world could be terrorists. Terrorism is something we consider a monster.Overall, in our world we consider everything that is evil a monster. In films, there is always a good side or bad side. Beowulf was a very good example of this because it involved timeless values. Beowulf, the tale of this extremely brave hero, full moon of courage is a great example of the epic form of literature. Beowulf fights giant monsters, breathes underwater, is undefeatable, and has God in h is side. It is a great epic that has unbelievable adventures. It shows a lot of cultural values. Throughout all of its characteristics, Beowulf is defiantly an example of the epic form of literature.

Tourism and San Jose Essay Example for Free

touring carry and San Jose EssayThe World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for non more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an action remunerated from within the place visited. Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2004, there were over 763 million international tourist arrivals. The Philippine touristry started on the year 1970 and began to grow. As of January-September 2009 the government recorded 5. million tourists visiting the country. The Hospitality industry plays a big role in the tourism of the Philippines through resorts, hotel, restaurants and even cruise ships. Montalban is one of the municipalities under Rizal Province. This argona is declared one of the tourist spots in the Philippines because of its ontogeny tourism. Behind the rising tourism in Montalban, the researchers bearing is to know what ar e the hindrances encountered that can affect the tourism in Montalban.The researchers also mother to touch the minds and hearts of the topical anesthetic people especially the government officials to preserve, conserve and develop the theatre of operations for the contiguous generation. The researchers believed that knowing and understanding this gathered information on the current status and problems will suspensor the local people and the government officials to be aware and be conscious of their environment. Tourism is one of the worlds fastest growing industries as well as the major source of foreign exchange earning and employment for many evolution countries.Tourism is vital to the well being of many countries, because of the income set aboutd by the consumption of goods and services by tourists, the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry and the opportunity for employment and economic advancement by working in the industry. Background of the Study Tourism i s a complex social, cultural and economic phenomenon and one of the most meaning(a) global phenomena, not to say the worlds largest industry as many claim.Tourism is an eye opener to generate income among people. The government tends to increase the tourism but because of tourist activities the tourist areas can be destroyed. At demonstrate Montalban is known for its beauty and cultural life. local anesthetic people have own ways of living and they play on the area the province of Rizal spans for 130,383 hectares. Montalban makes up 26. 8% on the entire province of Rizal, housing 11 barangays.The land mass of Montalban is big enough to be an ideal place for many purposes, such as agriculture, commerce such as the Avilon Zoo, and hiking and climbing spots of Wawa Gorge, relocation of communities (having a strategic position eastbound of Rizal, and a lot of areas where low cost housing projects can be put up), subdivision areas for every low-,mid-,high-cost housing, and also for s pecial uses (such as the landfill). Purpose of the Study The research is conducted for people to know the negative impacts of tourism in San Jose, Montalban.This is important because the negative impacts of tourism could affect the environment, economic and cultural status of the people. This research could run information on how to improve the area for a better business establishment and for job opportunities. educational activity of the Problem What are the feasible problems of tourism in San Jose, Montalban? What are the solutions to the possible problems of tourism in San Jose, Montalban? logical implication of the StudyThis study Current Status and Problems of Tourism in San Jose, Montalban as perceived by the Local Government Officials is needed and will give a big help in opening the eyeball of the people to be aware of the negative impacts brought by tourism. Local Barangay this study may help them to pass rules and regulation and suggest on the things to improve with in the area. Local people this study may help them realize and contribute on the things that are needed to be done in the area to put forward its beautyResearchers this may serve as an eye opener for the researchers to be conscious enough and be aware of the impacts of tourism which can be beneficial or harmful. This will also give ideas and cognition through the experience that happen during the research. Assumptions According to the observation, the researchers analyze that the major problem of San Jose, Montalban regarding tourism is that the tourism areas are not well develop.The researchers perceived that the Local government should raise funds to improve and develop the area for future businesses. Scope and Delimitation The study focuses on the current studies, issues and problems of tourism industry faced by Montalban as perceived by the local government official in San Jose, Montalban. It was merely conducted in San Jose, Montalban. To live the study, the researchers di stributed questionnaire to the government officials.The respondents were asked to rate the present status of San Jose, Montalban in terms of transportation, tourist attractions, facilities, infrastructures, accommodations. They were also asked about the possible problems that were encountered by local government and also the solutions on the negative impacts of tourism in San Jose, Montalban. The study only covers the age, gender, civil status, position, educational attainment and length of service. Conceptual Framework Focus of the study is the status and problems of the tourism industry of San Jose, Montalban.The first frame which is the input includes the profile of the respondents such as name, age, gender, residence, status, position, years of service and educational attainment, also the status assessment of the tourism industry of San Jose, Montalban, in terms of transportation, facilities, accommodation, facilities and attraction. The second frame shows the run which include s the administration of the questionnaire checklist to the respondents and the analysis and interpretation of data.

Business Studies Easter Project Essay Example for Free

Business Studies Easter Project EssayIntroductinonAs you probably already know Asda is unrivaled of the leading food super incloses in Britain today. Asda is part of the Wal-Mart group however before this Asda was on its own. Asda has been part of the Wal-Mart retailers since 1999. Asda was make in 1965 by a group of farmers from Yorkshire, today Asda has 245 stores, with 19 depots across the U.K. Asdas aim is to sell its products 10-15% cheaper than its briny competitors. Asda sells a variety of products including fresh food, grocery, clothing, home, leisure and entertainment goods. In my report I spend a penny gained my reading form the Asda website and I overly interviewed the store manager of the Asda store in Longsight.In my report I will discuss the following performance indicators Labour Turnover, Labour Productivity, Absenteeism and the Morale of scaters.Performance of CompanyAsda has of late been valued at beingness worth 1.3 billion, which includes all its asse ts. Anyway I think that it will be as well complicated to discuss the performance indicators on such a large scale. This is why I am going to merely concent stride on the performance of the Asda store in Longsight. When I asked litigate (the manager) if labour turnover was high, she replied by saying that it is an average level. (i.e. not too high and not too low). I then said to her that this must fee-tail that staff must relish demotivated and therefore leave. She replied by saying that it was because they employed a lot of young students and this was the reason for a lot of people going because they couldnt fit the shifts in with their work. I gestate that this means that although labour turnover is high, it is not an extremely worse point.When we discussed the labour productivity of the workers, she said that the staff, work very hard in every department whether it is the deliveries, clothing, unison or work on the checkout. Many products were sold in to each one depar tment but on the face of it some were sold much more(prenominal) than others. The labour productivity really determines how many products ar sold, as items are obviously not being produced at the store they are being sold there. She also mentioned that everyday there are at least 2 people who are around the store to just help customers or provide tasters of foods.I believe that this helps to increase productivity, because customers may feel more welcome and more sales may be made. I then asked what the turnover of the store was each day. action replied by saying that on the weekends they in the main make more money and she said that know Saturday they had a turnover of approximately 500,000. I believe that this clearly shows that labour productivity is high at the Asda store in Longsight.I then went on to talk about absenteeism. Sue said that this was generally low without any notice, and that there were hardly any people who didnt give notice when they were going to have a da y off. But she also said that absenteeism was a good point because it gives workers a lurch because they butt swap shifts with one another. I agree and believe absenteeism with notice is not so bad.Sue said the the morale of workers was generally high. She said that staff were paid at a time rate starting from 4.15 per hour. The following incentives could be motivating factors for the staff at Asda Tell the team- putting your ideas acrossStars- can be cashed in for gifts.ABCD- A certificate for dedicated workers.Bonus payments- for reaching certain targets handle planPrivate Healthcare can on new carsTravel insuranceStaff Discount CardI believe that the following incentives will make workers feel motivated. This is because it makes the workers feel that they are being recognised and that there work is appreciated. It is not only the financial incentives that are important for motivation. It is also for suit the certificate for working hard which could motivate. And even the fact that workers can put their ideas across, which may make them feel a real part of the company.There are some improvements that could be made to the performance indicators. foremost as we know labour turnover at the Longsight store is at an average level as many workers are students. We can solve this problem by allowing the shifts to fit in with the workers education, by religious offering them certain shifts. And then there is the labour productivity which is already very high, so I believe that this should just be kept at a constant level. And workers should just continue with the good work.Absenteeism is a problem when the workers dont come into work without any notice. To solve this problem I believe that managers should phone up absent workers to see where they are. And if they persist in not coming into work then this must mean that they feel demotivated, so managers should try to find out what the problem is. I know that the incentives that Asda offers are very good, but I g enerally believe that managers should talk to their staff a little more and just give them general assurance that they are doing the job in the right way and to show that their work is appreciated.ConclusionI believe that as Asda is worth over 1.3 billion this must mean that they are not going too wrong. And another fact that shows that Asda is doing well is that it was voted the best company to work for in the year 2000 by the Times Newspaper. And in 2001 it was also voted supermarket of the year.

The data protection act Essay Example for Free

The entropy protection influence EssayWhen the modem is switched on, it sends let out an ASCII character known as DC 1. This is the transmit enable command and is quantitative 17 or 11 hex. This code is received by the figurer, which knows that it is able to commence transmitting information to the modem. This is the XON condition. If there is elect(postnominal) traffic, the modem sends out an ASCII DC3 character. This is the X reach condition and is 19 in decimal (13 in hex). The computer receives this code and s crystalises transmitting data Note This method is be utilize with a serial printer. It sends out an XOFF code when its intemal buffer is full.As it prints, it reduces the amount of characters in its buffer. When the buffer has sufficient space, it sends out a DC 1 code to the computer, which resumes the transmitting of data to the printer. The ASCII codes DC 1 and DC3 stand for Device Control 1 and Device Control 3. This method can transmit and receive text f iles, since the printable ASCII chasten throw aways from 32 to I Binary files (i. e. containing machine code) contain a full range of possible numeric values. This would allow the values for the DC 1 and DC3 types, which means that XON/XOFF is non suitable for transmitting and receiving binary files.RS232 Pins A unofficial of the uses of the main gloamings on a computers serial port is shown in the following table. DTR selective information Terminal pee The computer informs the modem that it is powered up and ready to be active, by switching this pin to an ON invoke. approximately modems require to receive this token before they pass on ope judge DSR (Data Set Ready) The modem informs the computer that it is powered up and ready to be active, by switching this pin to an ON state. Most computer ports require this signal before they testament operateCTS (Clear to Send) The modem informs the computer that it is able to accept data for transmission, by switching this pi n to an ON state. The computer will not send out data while this pin is OFF RTS (Ready to Send) The computer informs the modem that it wishes to give it data for transmission, by switching by switching this pin to an ON state The modem responds by switching its CTS notation ON unless its memory buffer is full, or it is receiving incoming data. TXD (Transmit Data) Carries the data from the computer to the modems RXD pin, to transmit data.Carries the data from the modem to the computers RXD pin, to receive data. RXD (Receive Data) Receives the data from the modems TXD pin, to receive incoming data. Or Receives the data from the computers TXD pin, to send outdo data. DCD Data Carrier detect Used by the computer to determine whether the modem has an incoming carrier (i. e. whether the line is idle or not). Some communications packages must detect a DCD signal before they will carry on. This signal can be brought from the modem or can be provided lo wishy by a wraparound.This conn ects the computers DCD pin to the computers DTR pin to simulate an idle condition. RI (Ring Indicator) This pin could be used by an auto-answer modem. Its value is brocaded high when the phone rings. The modem informs the DTE via this change in the RI line and the DTE responds by flummoxting its DTR line high. The modem then answers the call and data is passed from the telephone line to the DTE. * SG (Signal Ground) This pin is used as the reference for all other signal voltages. So, if a pin swings +15 it means that the pin is a 15 volts higher than the voltage on SG.This pin should not be confused with electric earth or Frame Ground (FG). geological fault Detection Modem communication over the normal telephone nedeucerk is always prone to losses delinquent to poor line conditions. As transmission rates become smart, the losses atomic number 18 increased. If an interference pulse rate occurred on a line a 28,800bps system, the transmission would be affected 24 whiles more (prenominal) badly than a 1,200bps system, since 24 times more data will have been transferred during that time. Serious forethought needs to be paid to detecting and correcting such errors.The check bit bit system described early is only a rudimentary check and only applies to ASCII files. Since most files argon not plain ASCII, they will require to use all eight bits of the byte and there will be no resemblance bit. CRC Checking Data is transmitted in blank outs or packets with a checksum created using the CRC (Cyclic Redundancy) method. When the data is compiled into a leave prior to transmission, a mathematical formula using polynomial codes) is applied to the data to produce a check physical body that is unique to the data in the block. These check digits be then transmitted on with the data.The receiver stores the incoming block of data in a buffer for examination. The same formula is applied to the data in the buffer d it should produce the same answer as that stored in the check bytes. If the computed CRC figure accords with the stored CRC figure, the data in the buffer is fit to be passed on and an ACK signal is returned to the transmitting end to acknowledge the acknowledge of a block in good condition. If there has been any corruption of the data in the block, or even any corruption of the check bytes, then the formula produce answers that do not match.In this case, the device will request that the block of data be retransmitted This is done by returning a NAK signal to the transmitting end. A number of varied block transmission techniques and error detection methods are in earthy use they are referred to as File Transfer protocols and include XModem XModem sends a 128 byte block of data plus one checksum byte constituted from the sum of all the ASCII codes the block. It then waits for an acknowledgement that it has been received. The waiting time reduces the average data transfer average.All errors are given ten retries before abandonin g the file transfer. It alike has a ten-second timeout it sends a NAK signal if has not received any incoming signal after a ten second wait. A variation known as Xmodem/CRC sends the same 128 byte block but sends two CRC bytes. This increases the redundant bytes to be transmitted but it improves the reliability of the system and is used in preference to Xmodem where it is available. Kermit Kermit is a long established system used with mini-computers and mainframes as well as PCs. It in addition uses a 128 block and it provides a header with control information.Although it is widely available and reliable, it is a slow method. It is probably best used with noisy lines. Ymodem This method dummy up uses 128 byte chunks but it sends eight of these chunks before displace a two-byte CRC code that get throughs the inviolate 1024 data bytes. The method also pads out the data block until it is exactly 1024 bytes. This is fast since most of the transmission is made up of real data and there is only two bytes of redundant information. However, on a noisy line, corruption of a single bit results in the entire 1024+2 bytes being re-sent.YModem is faster than XModem on good lines but worse on noisy lines. It also allows multiple files to be transferred in the one operation. The user selects the group of files to be transferred and the system sends them all during the one long operation. This is sometimes referred to as Ymodem/Batch. Zmodem The above systems send their block and then wait for an ACK or a NAK from the receiving end before displace another block. They are working in half-duplex mode, resulting in wasted waiting time. Many modem methods do not wait for a response between sending blocks.Using a full duplex system, it is still able to receive the ACKs and NAKs when they arrive but further transmissions can be undertaken in the meantime. When an ACK arrives it knows that a grouchy block has been received successfully, while an incoming NAK indicates an un successful transmission of a block. The system keeps track by using a windowing system. Each outgoing packet is given a packet number along with the transmission. The incoming ACK or NAK will also have a packet number attached. In the final result of a NAK the system knows which packet to re-transmit.The difference between the packet currently being sent and the most recent incoming ACK or NAK is known as the window. Since a single byte can contain 256 different numbers, there is a limit to the range of available packet numbers and older numbers are reused after they have accomplished a successful transmission. This means that the window covers a small range of the available numbers and is always changing. This gives the name sliding windows protocol it is also giveed in the slue Windows Kermit and Xmodem systems. Xmodem, Ymodem and Kermit are used at stimulates below 96,00bps.V42 is used at higher speeds and is implement in a ROM chip in the modem. The V42 standard encompasses the MNP 4 proprietary standard developed by Microcom. It is apparent that future extensions of the V42 standard will move away from MNP 4 in favour of LAP-M (Link Access Protocol for Modems) scheme as already recommended by CCITT. The MNP 5 standard combines the MNP 4 error correction facilities with data compression. Like MNP 4 it is most commonly implemented in hardware although some communication packages implement it in software. Standards.Created by CCITT, The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, working under the ITU (International Telecommunications Union) which is organised by the United Nations. These standards are divided into a number of groups, including V-series, dealings with telephone circuits X-series, dealing with data networks 0-series, dealing with digital networks (digital exchanges, multiplexing, PCM, etc. ) I-series, dealing with ISDN (see subsequent) V Standards There is a wide range of definitions and the most common ones are shown in the table.The V standards get their name from the first letter of the word vitesse, the French for speed although not all V standards are concerned with transmission rate. V24, for example, specifies the serial port standard and V42 and V42bis cover error correction. The bis added to a V number means that it is the second version of the standard. Dataflex, a large UK modem manufacturer, produces VFC models, also known V. Fast Class models, working at 28,800bps. These were introduced before the ratification of the V34 standard and there are some handshaking differences between their specifications. V.Fast modems can communicate with other VFC models at the top rate but with lA t, k1t lflO/ V3 5 models, they can only communicate at 14,400 bps in about 10% of cases Modem Standards Specification Operation Circuit Max Bit Rate Modulation technique Bell 103 in effect(p) Duplex devil cable Switched 300 Frequency Shift Keying V. 21 Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 300 Bell 202 one-ha lf Duplex Two Wire Switched 1,200 learned Lease 1,800 Bell 201 Half Duplex Two Wire Switched 2,400 V. 26ter Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 2,400 Bell 212 Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 1,200 Phase Shift Keying V. 22bis Full DuplexTwo Wire Switched 2,400 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying V. 27 Full Duplex Four Wire Leased 4,800 Half Duplex Two Wire Switched 4,800 V. 29 Full Duplex Four Wire Leased 9,600 Quadrature amplitude Modulation Half Duplex Two Wire Switched 9,600 V. 32bis Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 14,400 V. 34 Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 28,800 Bell 103 Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 28,800 V. 42 V42bis Data Comp V90 56,600 Even Parity The sending device counts the number of one bits in the character to be Panty Bit transmitted. If the number of these data bits is even, as in the top diagram, the semblance bit is set to zero.If the number of one bits is odd, as in the lower diagram, 1001 1 10 the parity bit is set to one. Thus the summation number of ones in the byte will P arity Bit always be even, no matter how many ones are in the character being transmitted0100101 If any of the data bits or parity bits is accidentally altered during transmission, the receiving device can detect the problem by counting the number of bits. If the total is not an even number, there has been corruption of the data. This provides an elementary check for data errors. Odd Parity Here, the sending device counts the number of one bits in the byte to be transmitted.If the number of these data bits is even, as in the top diagram, the parity bit is set to one. If the number of one bits is already odd, as in the lower diagram, the parity bit is set to zero. In this way, the total number of ones1 in the group is always maintained at an odd value. Note Parity checking is a useful facility but it is not foolproof. For example, two bits in a byte both being altered from zero to one would produce a correct parity check although the data in the byte had been corrupted. In practice, l arger blocks of data are examined for corruption (see section later on Error Detection).